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President of Ghana from to

William Nana Addo Dankwa Akufo-Addo (a-KUUF-oh ah-DOH; born 29 March ) is a Ghanaian politician who served as the 13th president of Ghana from to ^[2][3][4][5] He previously served as Attorney General from to and as Minister for Foreign Affairs from to under the administration of then-president John Kufuor.^[6]

Akufo-Addo first ran for president in the year and again in , both times as the presidential candidate of the New Patriotic Party (NPP).

He lost on both occasions to National Democratic Congress' candidates: John Evans Atta Mills in and John Dramani Mahama in After the general elections, he refused to concede and proceeded to court to challenge the electoral results, but the Supreme Court of Ghana affirmed Mahama's victory.^[7]

He was chosen as the presidential candidate of the New Patriotic Party for a third time for the general elections, and this time he defeated incumbent John Dramani Mahama in the first round (winning with % of the votes), which marked the first time in a Ghanaian presidential election that an opposition candidate won a majority outright in the first round.^[8] It was also the first time that an opposition candidate had unseated an incumbent president.

He again secured an outright majority in the first round of the general elections (winning with % of the vote), defeating Mahama for a second time.^[9][10][11]

Akufo-Addo's government initially drew broad popularity from the Ghanaian public, promoting a nationalistic 'Ghana beyond aid' agenda.^[12] The latter part of his tenure, however, was marked by the worst Ghanaian financial crises in a generation, with inflation reaching up to 40% in both and ^[13][14][15] His government attributed this to the Russo-Ukrainian War and the COVID pandemic, but many observers pointed to mismanagement of public funds.^[16][17][18] Reaching Ghana's constitutionally mandated 2 term limit, He peacefully handed over power to the NDC's John Dramani Mahama on 7 January after the incumbent NPP lost power amid the unpopularity of his administration.

Early life and education

Nana Addo Dankwa Akufo-Addo was born in Swalaba, a suburb of Accra, Ghana, in , to Adeline Akufo-Addo and Edward Akufo-Addo, members of the prominent Ofori-Atta family.^[19][20] His father Edward Akufo-Addo from Akropong-Akuapem was Ghana's third Chief Justice from to , chairman of the –68 Constitutional Commission and the non-executive president of Ghana from till ^[20] Akufo-Addo's maternal grandfather was Nana Sir Ofori Atta, King of Akyem Abuakwa, who was a member of the executive council of the governor of the Gold Coast before Ghana's independence.^[20] He is a nephew of Kofi Asante Ofori-Atta and William Ofori Atta.

His granduncle was J. B. Danquah, another member of The Big Six.^[21]

He started his primary education at the Government Boys School and Rowe Road School (now Kinbu), both in Accra Central.^[22] He went to England and continued his education at Holmewood House Preparatory School before studying for his O-Level and A-Level examinations at Lancing College, Sussex, where he was nicknamed "Billy" and joined the Anglican faith.

He began the Philosophy, Politics and Economics course at New College, Oxford, in , but left soon afterwards.^[23] He returned to Ghana in to teach at the Accra Academy, before going to read economics at the University of Ghana, Legon, in , earning a BSc (Econ) degree in ^[24] He subsequently joined the Middle Temple and trained as a lawyer under the apprenticeship system known as the Inns of Court, where no formal law degree was required.^[25] He was called to the English Bar (Middle Temple) in July He was called to the Ghanaian bar in July ^[26] Akufo-Addo worked with the Paris office of the U.S.

law firm Coudert Brothers. In , he co-founded the law firm Akufo-Addo, Prempeh and Co.^{[citation needed]}

Political career

Though known by his friends to have been a vocal supporter of the Convention People's Party (CPP) while a student in the University of Ghana, he switched sides to the rival United Party (UP) tradition following the overthrow of President Kwame Nkrumah in after which his father, Edward Akufo-Addo became ceremonial president of Ghana in Akufo-Addo's participation in politics formally began in the late s when he joined the People's Movement for Freedom and Justice (PMFJ),^[27] an organization formed to oppose the General Acheampong-led Supreme Military Council's Union Government proposals.^[28] In May , he was among a broad group of elites who formed Alliance for Change, an alliance that organized demonstrations against Neo-liberal policies such as the introduction of Value Added Tax and human rights violations of the Rawlings presidency.

At the forefront of this demonstration were himself, Abdul Malik, Kwaku Baako and Saifullah Senior minister Victor Newman, Kwasi Pratt Jnr, Dr. Charles Wereko Brobbey among others. They were joined by about , other people. The protest was named "Kume Preko".^[29][30] As an elite, Akufo-Addo vied for leadership positions; the broad-based opposition alliance eventually fell apart.^[26] In the s, he formed a civil rights organization called Ghana's Committee on Human and People's Rights.^[27]

He was a member of the 2nd, 3rd and 4th parliament of the 4th republic representing the Abuakwa constituency.

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In the elections, he polled 28, votes out of the 50, valid votes cast representing % over Owuraku Amofah who polled 20, votes, Adoo-Aikins who polled votes, Ahmadu Rufai who polled votes and Emmanuel Kofi Tamakloe who polled votes.^[31] He won again in the General Elections with 28, votes out of the 45, valid votes cast representing % over Christiana Annor who polled 14, votes, Addo-Aikins who polled 1, votes, Theresa Stella Amakye who polled votes, Kofi Opoku-Gyamera who polled votes and Isaac Duodu Awah who also polled votes.^[32][33]

In October , Akufo-Addo competed for the a presidential run of the NPP^[26] and lost to John Kufuor, who subsequently won the December presidential election and assumed office as President of Ghana in January Akufo-Addo was the chief campaigner for Kufuor in the election.

He became the first attorney general and Minister for justice of the Kufuor era, and later moved to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and New Partnership for Africa's Development (NEPAD).^[34][35]

In , he was the popular candidate tipped to win the New Patriotic Party's presidential primaries.^[36] In , Akufo-Addo represented the NPP in a closely contested election against John Atta Mills of NDC.^[37] In the first round of voting, Akufo-Addo tallied %, leading Atta Mills with a slim margin that was below the constitutional threshold of 50% to become the outright winner.^[38]

Akufo-Addo ran again as the NPP's presidential candidate in the national elections against NDC'sJohn Mahama, successor to the late Atta Mills.

Mahama was declared the winner of the election, an outcome that was legally challenged by Akufo-Addo.^[39][40][41] The court case generated considerable controversy, and was finally decided by the Ghana Supreme Court in a narrow 5/4 decision in favour of Mahama.

Akufo-Addo accepted the verdict in the interest of economic stability and international goodwill.^[20][42][43]

In March , Akufo-Addo announced his decision to seek his party's nomination for the third time ahead of the election. In the NPP primary conducted in October , he was declared victor with % of the votes.^[44][45] Akufo-Addo also served as chair of the Commonwealth Observer Mission for the South African elections in ^[46][47][48]

He focused his campaign on the economy, promising to stabilize the country's foreign exchange rate and to reduce unemployment levels.^[49] On 9 December , sitting president Mahama conceded defeat to Akufo-Addo.^[50][51][52] Akufo-Addo won the election with % of the votes against Mahama's %.^[53][54]

Akufo-Addo announced his intention to run for re-election by picking a nomination form as flagbearer of the New Patriotic Party ahead of the general elections.^[55] On 9 December , Akufo-Addo was declared the winner of the 7 December Ghana Presidential election after securing a majority of % of the vote, just enough to win re-election in a single round.^[9][56][57] In December , Akufo-Addo pledged to respect the two-term limit mandated in the Ghanaian constitution and not run for a third term in ^[58]

Further information: Presidency of Nana Akufo-Addo

Inauguration

Akufo-Addo took office on 7 January His inauguration was held at Black Star Square in Accra.

Twelve presidents from African and European countries attended the ceremony, including Edgar Lungu of Zambia, Abdel Fattah el-Sisi of Egypt, Ernest Bai Koroma of Sierra Leone, Robert Mugabe of Zimbabwe, Muhammadu Buhari of Nigeria.^[59][60][61]

Akufo-Addo faced backlash, especially on social media, for plagiarizing parts of his inauguration speech, having lifted passages, word-for-word, from previous inaugural addresses given by American presidents John F.

Kennedy, Bill Clinton and George W. Bush as well as prepared remarks given by Nigerian President Muhammadu Buhari at a United States Institute of Peace event.^{[62][63][64][65][66][67]} After the scandal came to light, his press office issued an apology, with his communication director describing the situation as a "complete oversight and never deliberate."^[68][69][70] However, after the mea culpa, it was found that Akufo-Addo had also plagiarized portions of his concession speech after the Supreme Court of Ghana upheld the electoral victory of President John Mahama.

In that speech, lines were lifted verbatim from United States Vice-president Al Gore's presidential concession speech given after the US Supreme Court verdict.^[71][72][73]

Education sector

In September , Akufo-Addo launched the Free Senior High School (SHS) policy, which will make secondary high school free for students in Ghana.

The president states it is a "necessary investment in the nation's future workforce" and will help parents who are unable to pay for their children's education due to financial hardships. The program met with positive reaction from the nation, parents and students were excited and fervent, but private schools opposed to the program state it will decrease the number of students enrolling in their system.^[74][75]

In August , Akufo-Addo cited the WASSCE success as proof of his education policies' effectiveness.^[76] During a speech at Queen Girls Senior High School in the Western North region, the President credited last year's WASSCE results, the best in eight years, to the success of the Free Senior High School program and related initiatives.^[77] Akufo-Addo celebrated notable improvements in the WASSCE results, with higher scores in English, Integrated Science, Mathematics, and Social Studies.

He also commended the student cohort for adapting to the double track system.^[76]

Economy

In , the president introduced the 7-year Co-ordinated Programme of Economic and Social Development Policies which is expected to create jobs for the country. According to the president, the policies are founded on "five pillars of growth and development, namely revitalizing the economy; transform agriculture and industry; revamping economic and social infrastructure; strengthening social protection and inclusion; and reforming delivery system of public services institutions.^[78] Despite the IMF already warning the country that it was at high risk of debt-distress, the government of Akufo-Addo kept on borrowing, pushing up the nation's public debt from 56% of GDP to 63% before the pandemic.

After the pandemic, Ghana borrowed even more in comparison with its neighbours, precipitating a budget-deficit crisis, the second highest in Sub Saharan Africa at 16% as of , far above the regional average of 6%.^[79]

LGBT rights

Akufo-Addo has taken a relatively moderate line on LGBT rights in Ghana.

In November , he suggested that the legalisation of homosexuality is inevitable and said he can foresee a change in the law.^[80] Akufo-Addo, who spent much of his early life in England, said that LGBT rights will evolve in Ghana as they have in the United Kingdom. However, he affirmed that LGBT rights were not part of the government agenda at the moment.^[81] In August , he reiterated that the Government of Ghana would not legalise same-sex marriage or decriminalise homosexuality under his leadership.^[82][83]

Sports

This section needs to be updated. The reason given is: The University of Ghana stadium was completed for the African Games, held in rather than Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.(November )

In February , Akufo-Addo's administration announced a complete renovation of sports buildings around Ghana due to the country hosting the African Games in Buildings include Accra and Cape Coast Sports Stadium and the Azumah Nelson Sports Complex in Kaneshie.

The University of Ghana Sports Stadium whose renovations were abandoned in after former President John Kufuor left office will also proceed.^[84]

Controversies

See Nana Akufo-Addo administration controversies

Other ventures

In , the number of regions in Ghana increased from ten to sixteen under the president's administration.

The new regions are Oti, Western North, North East, Ahafo (splitting from Brong), Savannah and Bono East Regions. The creation of the regions ends decades of petitions to the government calling for the development of new regions.^[85]

In , he signed the UNAIDS Public Letter on People's Vaccine which was a campaign calling for accessibility of the COVID vaccine to all.

He joined other world leaders in the signing. He wrote "all people everywhere must have access to the vaccine when one becomes available." Concerns were raised that people in richer countries may have quicker access to the vaccine than poor countries which led to the writing of an open letter that any vaccine against the disease should be free and made available at no cost to all people.^[3] In February , Ghana became the first African country to receive COVID vaccines through the World Health Organization's COVAX program.

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The shipment consisted of , doses of the AstraZeneca vaccines.^[86]

In May , he swore into office two appointed Supreme Court Judges, Issifu Omoro Tanko Amadu and Clemence Jackson Honyenuga at the Jubilee House.^[87][88]

Personal life

Akufo-Addo is from Akropong-Akuapem and Kyebi in the Eastern Region and both sides of his family are Presbyterian.^[89][90] He is married to Rebecca Akufo-Addo (née Griffiths-Randolph), the daughter of judge Jacob Hackenburg Griffiths-Randolph, the Speaker of the Parliament of Ghana during the Third Republic.^[91][92] Akufo-Addo had two previous marriages before marrying Rebecca.

Akufo-Addo's first marriage to Remi Fani-Kayode, a Nigerian and daughter of Chief Remilekun Fani-Kayode, ended with a divorce.^[93] His next marriage to Eleanor Nkansah-Gyamenah, a Ghanaian, ended on her death in ^[94]

Akufo-Addo has four biological daughters and one stepdaughter: Gyankroma, Edwina, Adriana, Yeboakua and Valerie.^[95][96]Virginia Hesse is the mother of one his daughters.^[97] She was appointed by Akufo-Addo as Ghana’s Ambassador to Czech Republic in his first-term of government.^[98] His first marriage to Remi bore him two of his daughters and his second marriage to Eleanor bore him a daughter.^[99] His marriage to Rebecca provided him a step-daughter had by Rebecca in a previous relationship.^[] Akufo-Addo has a sister called Madam Marigold with the title, Abrewatia Nana Abena Oye.^[]

Akufo-Addo is a teetotaller.^[][]

Honours

Awards

Akufo-Addo was presented with the Mother Teresa Memorial International Award for Social Justice in by the Harmony Foundation for sacrificing political ambitions for the sake of national peace and reconciliation.^[]

In May , Akufo-Addo was bestowed Honorary Doctor of Law Degree from Fort Hare University of South Africa, recognizing his legal and political leadership.^[]

In , he received the National Achievement Award by the Africa-America Institute’s on behalf of the people of Ghana.

The award was given to recognise Ghana as a country which represents freedom, democracy and stability in Africa.^[]

Almost a year into his Presidency in December , Akufo-Adddo received an honorary Doctor of Humane Letters degree from the University of Liberia.^[]

Akufo-Addo was given an award for Exemplary Leadership in June , by the Whitaker Group.^[][] In August he received the African Port Award by The African Port Award (APA) Foundation for his projects on modernizing Ghana's ports.^[] In September , the U.S.

Africa Business Centre of the United States Chamber of Commerce presented Akufo-Addo with the Outstanding Leader's Award in recognition of regional, diplomatic, and economic leadership in Africa.^[][][] In October , he received the Governance Leadership Award "in recognition of his commitment towards enhancing the living standards of the Ghanaians and governing the country in accordance with the rule of law".^[]

In May , the United Nations Secretary-General António Guterres named Akufo-Addo among the newly appointed SDG advocates as co-chair alongside the prime minister of Norway, Erna Solberg.^[] The role of these advocates is to raise awareness, inspire greater ambition, and push for faster action on the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

In June , the Association of National Olympic Committees of Africa (ANOCA) announced it will honour Akufo-Addo with the Association of National Olympic Committees of Africa (ANOCA) Merit Award for Heads of State due to his tremendous contribution to sports development and projects in Ghana and for the successful bid for Ghana to host the African Games.^[]

Nana Akufo-Addo was honoured at the fourth Ghana Hotels Association Awards, held on 20 January , for demonstrating visionary leadership by declaring the year of return and ensuring its successful execution.^[55]

In May , at a Congregation held in his honour, the University of Cape Coast conferred honorary Doctor of Philosophy in Educational Leadership degree on Akufo-Addo.

The honorary degree, which is the highest honour given by the University, recognised his contribution to education in the country.^[]

On 10 October , the University of Sorbonne in Paris, France presented an honorary doctorate degree to Akufo-Addo.^[][]Sorbonne recognized his commitment to democracy in Ghana, peace in West Africa, and his leadership in implementing the Free SHS policy and combating COVID

On 8 August , Akufo-Addo was presented with a Medal of Merit in Leadership Award by the African Bar Association.^[][]

In July , Akufo-Addo received two honorary Doctorate degrees from two Universities in Ghana.

On 14 July, Valley View University conferred honorary Doctorate on Akufo-Addo for his contribution to education and socio-economic development in Ghana and the sub-region as well as his unwavering desire to build an educated populace in the country. ^[] A fortnight later, the University of Health and Allied Sciences also honored Akufo-Addo with a Doctorate degree for his commitment to infrastructure development of the University and for the advancement of Science Education in the country.^[]

On 6 November , a statue was unveiled in his honour at the Effia-Nkwanta Regional Hospital in the Western Region, for the initiatives he has embarked on in the region during his term of office as indicated by the Western Regional Minister, Kwabena Okyere Darko.^[][]

Foreign honours

See also

References